The War On Terror An Example Of All Three Foreign Policy...

The War on Terror required utilizing pre-emptive war, regime change, and unilateralism. An example of all three foreign policy tools is Afghanistan. Bush took a hard line approach with the Taliban government of Afghanistan, who had a semi-friendly working relationship with Osama bin Laden’s terrorist group, al Qaeda, by declaring that if the Taliban government did not hand over bin Laden, the U.S. would invade Afghanistan. The War on Terror created a renewed moralism that had effectively disappeared in the 1990s and was reminiscent of the moralism of the Truman years, as mentioned previously. This new moralism framed the war in terms of good versus evil as a mobilization tactic for the public to support (After Sept. 11, 2001: A Transformed US Foreign Policy.). Bush’s famous words about â€Å"axis of evil† were reminiscent of both World War II, with the axis powers, and the Cold War, with the evils of communism (â€Å"After Sept. 11, 2001†). This rekindling of American’s moralism of international liberalism is a characteristic of an all in president because the issue is no longer only a factual and risk debate, but an ethical one as well. The Obama (Democrat) administration’s military intervention foreign policy is in the ‘half out’ category because his administration desired â€Å"a ‘light footprint’ that enables it to fight its wars stealthily, execute its operations with the speed [. . .] and then avoid lengthy entanglements.† (Sanger xviii). Obama utilized a get-in-and-get-out-quickShow MoreRelatedTerrorism: A Defining Moment in Our Recent History1576 Words   |  6 Pagesdefining moment in our recent history. It has shaped the foreign policies of many nations, changed the way society has viewed violence and created debates about national security. Yet, it is only recently that terrorism has gone global. The history of terrorism is rooted in its use by revolutionaries and governments, its influence on domestic affairs and the various methods used to instill fear and control. But since the end of the Cold War and more importantly after September 11, 2001, terrorismRead M oreAnalysis of Defense Intelligence Agency999 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted in 1958. The organizational structure of the DoD and U.S. foreign intelligence came to a new shape with the establishment of DIA. It was Robert McNamara, then Secretary of Defense, who came up with the concept of DIA in 1961. DIA gathers human source intelligence, analyzes technical intelligence, distributes intelligence/reports to the intelligence agencies, provides advice and support to the Joint Chiefs of Staff with foreign military intelligence, and provides military intelligence to combatantRead MoreAl-Qaeda and the US Patriot Act Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesto operate in the United States. Homeland Security Policy Paper The cowardly terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001 changed the perception of many Americans. It became increasingly evident that terrorist groups were evolving into a beast that we as a nation have never witnessed. After the attacks it became increasing evident that it was time to strengthen our policies and fight back against terror. Our great nation had to show the terrorist groups that we wouldRead MoreThe Consequences of the Bushs Policies2897 Words   |  12 Pagesto psychologically cause panic and fear in the United States (U.S.) through the use of terror because Al Qaeda wanted to influence U.S. foreign policy. Goldstein and Peverhouse explain, â€Å"Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately†¦ Terrorism thus amplifies a small amount of power by its psychological effect on large populations; this is why it is usually a tool of the weak†¦ It is usually a calculated use of violence as leverage ,† (p. 145). TheRead MoreThe Main Goals Of American Foreign Policy1614 Words   |  7 Pagesgoals of American foreign policy. Discuss each goal in detail, and give examples the steps we have taken to achieve these goals in the past. The main goals of American foreign policy are security, economic prosperity, and to make the world a better place. One of the highest priorities that the U.S partakes in is providing it citizens with a sense of security. In the field of security there are three main positions and policies that can be enacted. A policy of appeasement which in war is avoided by givingRead MoreImpact of the Usa Patriot Act on Local Law Enforcement1282 Words   |  6 Pagespublic in the name of securing our Nations freedom. Developed â€Å"to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and for other purposes† the USA Patriot Act, bears the formal name ‘‘Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act, 2001, p. 1). Heretofore referred to as the â€Å"Patriot Act† the USA Patriot Act was signed into law within 6 weeks fromRead MoreMedia Manipulation2132 Words   |  9 PagesMisleading the Public: A New Kind of Public Relation â€Å"It’s all, you know†¦thinking ahead. Thinking ahead. That’s what producing is. It’s like being a plumber. You do your job right, nobody should notice.† These words are script from the movie ‘Wag the Dog’ which directed by Barry Levinson. Have you ever thought that your beliefs are manipulated? The movie ‘Wag the Dog’ is about the U.S. president’s story which has an election in a few days and causes sex scandal with a high school girl who visitedRead MoreWar Child By Emmanuel Jal1674 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical strife has been always present on an international scale with surges of civil war due to government overthrow, sending nations into unrest. Although not common recently, the ideology of recruiting child soldiers still remains, and the lasting effects on the children are traumatizing. From witnessing the carnage of constant bombshells erupting in the distance to whole families being executed, the image s are etched deep into their minds, haunting them even after they are discharged from theRead MoreThe Global Fight Against Terrorism2715 Words   |  11 Pagescivilians, in order to achieve political goals (Woolf 4). Such political goals include altering the government of a country, abolishing unfair laws passed by biased individuals in power, and changing the status quo of a society. As opposed to an act of war, terrorism involves excessive violence, and is generally targeted towards civilians and innocent bystanders. Smaller or weaker factions have utilized terrorism as a tactic to attract attention and attack governments (Woolf 8). Governments have alsoRead MoreHas the Nature of Terrorism Changed over the Last Thirty Years?2896 Words   |  12 PagesHas the nature of terrorism changed over the last thirty years? Answer this question with reference to three specific examples of terrorist campaigns. This essay will endeavour to give an historical analysis of contemporary terrorism and its changing nature by focusing on three specific terrorist campaigns over the last thirty years. The essay will begin by first presenting a definition of terrorism and will move on to provide a brief account of the geographical shift in terrorism by discussing

The Ethics Code Of Enron - 1586 Words

Enron’s ethics code Respect, integrity, communication and excellence are the ethics code of Enron. These four aspects have a crucial impact on business ethics. â€Å"Ethics requires respect. One cannot exist without the other. Ethical success depends on understanding the profound impact that respect has on your ethics and character.† As Mark S. Putnam said in his article â€Å"Respect: The Starting Point for Good Ethics†(2003), we need to make respect our obligation and show everyone a certain degree of respect. All the top executives did not show respect to lower level employees. The only thing they did is to enrich themselves rather than caring about the interests of the employees. Integrity is to act consistently with your principles, values and beliefs.(Lennick and Kiel, 2007, p.80). In other words, we need to stay true to ourselves, our words and our actions. Being aware of what we have done and what we should do in the future. Most importantly, we need to stay true to our moral compa ss. However, the top executives of Enron have been challenging these codes of ethics. They were engaged in making up financial reports and making misleading statements. Fraud, conspiracy and money laundering are common phenomenon among all the top executives. Communication is supposed to be the exchange of different people’s perspectives throughout the company. While, in Enron, each division and business unit were separate from the others. Very few people actually knew what was going on inside theShow MoreRelatedEnron s Ethics Code Of Enron Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesAbstracts Enron was once one of the largest companies in the world. After many years of using diverse accounting tricks, they finally had to file bankruptcy in December 2001 due to not being able to hide billions in debt. The top 140 executives got paid 680 million in 2001. (CNN Library, 2015). Kenneth Lay as the founder of Enron and Jeffrey Skilling as the chief executive were both convicted in 2006. (Weiss, 2009, p.28). Thousands of workers were left with valueless stock in their pensions whichRead MoreEnrons Ethics Code Of Enron1552 Words   |  7 PagesAbstracts Enron was once one of the largest companies in the world. After many years of using diverse accounting tricks, they finally had to file bankruptcy in December 2001 due to not being able to hide billions in debt. The top 140 executives got paid 680 million in 2001. (CNN Library, 2015). Kenneth Lay as the founder of Enron and Jeffrey Skilling as the chief executive were both convicted in 2006. (Weiss, 2009, p.28). Thousands of workers were left with valueless stock in their pensions whichRead MoreEnron s Culture Project : Enron1589 Words   |  7 PagesMiranda Vehlewald Enron Ethical Culture Project Part 1: Enron’s Culture Enron started out as a dominant culture. Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling had a vision of how they wanted the company to be and where they wanted it to go. When Lay put Skilling in charge, he made it his mission to hire the best traders, recruiting them from the best schools and other companies. They gave employees corporate rewards like concierge services and a company gym. As the company grew larger, the culture began toRead MoreEssay about Mgt 498 - Ethics910 Words   |  4 PagesEthics Student Name MGT/498 Due Date Instructor Ethics A business must operate with ethics as a guiding principle to be successful and profitable. A company that is publically traded bears a responsibility of being a good steward of the profits the company earns, for the stakeholders, employees, and clients. The social aspect of a company and ethics go hand-in-hand. If a business fails to act ethically responsible, the result of that behavior can affect it socially. â€Å"The concept of socialRead MoreWhat Kind Of Ethics Does You Posses As A Person?880 Words   |  4 PagesWhat kind of ethics does you posses as a person? You may have wondered this question about your self but have you ever wondered it about the company you work for? All businesses have a code of ethics. There are companies with posses good ethics and those who posses bad ethics. As the Mondy (2012) text states, â€Å"companies that â€Å"out behave† their competitors ethically will generally outperform them financially† (p.28). Ethics start with the c ompany’s motto, their code and how upper management protectsRead MoreInternal Checks And Balance System Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide service to help Enron to cover the loopholes, internal accountants were violate accounting rules in several of off-balance sheet and the lawyers did not provide fair reports because of conflict of interest. First, as an external auditor, Andersen was help to conceal the false statements rather than revealed them to ensure a stable accounting system and verify the accuracy of accounting reports. Andersen not only being Enron’s external auditor, but also been working for Enron as internal auditorRead MoreCodes of Ethics Essay717 Words   |  3 Pagescalled a code of ethics that defines the behavior that others can expect from them. A business code of ethics is a valuable tool used within a profession or business to evaluate its performance in the business world. Business Codes of Ethics Each day in the workplace, people encounter ethical situations to which they must react. A code of ethics formed by a profession or a business is very clear and helpful in providing guidance in the ethical decision making process. The purpose behind a code ofRead MoreEthics Standards And The Field Of Accounting950 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional ethics are an absolute necessity in the field of accounting. Businesses rely on accountants to accurately report their financial information and give sound advise and consultation in regards to their business. There are standards and rules set in place to ensure that ethics and information is reported accurately. Laws and repercussions are created place to deter unethical and illegal accounting practices, although it still occurs in the business world on many levels. The field ofRead MoreEnrons Business Ethics Failure1485 Words   |  6 Pages2. The Fall of Enron ...............................................................................4 3. Enrons ethical dilemmas ..................................................................6 4. Conslucions .......................................................................................7 5. Bibliography ......................................................................................8 1. Overview The goal of this report is to analyze business ethics in the contextRead MoreThe Reprehensible Story Of The Enron Corporation1680 Words   |  7 Pagesreprehensible story of the Enron Corporation’s rapid rise to success followed by their consequential disgraceful fall is one that has captivated the attention of the public for more than a decade. Not only was this scandal highlighted largely due to the widespread publication of the Enron Corp’s actions in the newspapers and television but must notably their substantial contradictory actions against not only basic ethics but Enron’s published Code of Ethics. Outlining the reputation of Enron, Kenneth Lay, Chairman

Cloud Computing Security issues and solutions

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing Security issues and solutions. Answer: Introduction Cloud Computing is defined as an on-demand service model, which is used for IT provisioning, that is mainly dependent on virtualization as well as on distributed technologies of the computer (Aroraet al.2013).The architecture of cloud computing includes high abstracted resources, programmatic management, shared resources and near instant flexibility as well as scalability. Cloud computing is utilized by the various business organization for maintaining focus on the business, for achieving agility, for reducing total capital expenditures as well as for getting proper staffing efficiency. Problem Statement The business organization faces many challenges due to the use of cloud computing.The problem that the business organizations are facing due to the use of cloud computing is the security issue which mainly occurs due to improper data protection, malicious insider, insecure or incomplete data deletion, improper interface management and due to loss of governance.It is quite important for the business organization to resolve the issues for achieving success. Motivation of the work The main aim of this assignment is to introduce the various risk of cloud computing in context with a business organization. The risks are highlighted in order to resolve the issues which are associated with the cloud computing. The analysis helps in identifying different types of security issues, which needs to be resolved effectively for achieving the objectives as well as goals of the organization. Importance of work Cloud computing is adopted by most of the organization nowadays due to its numerous advantages. The most significant advantage that the business organization achieves by using cloud computing is cost saving (Whaiduzzamanet al.2014).Cloud computing also helps in enhancing the flexibility as well as scalability of the organization. It also assists in bringing proper collaboration in the business environment for communicating as well as sharing data and information. Related Work: Summary of existing solutions There are a number of solutions that are illustrated in order to resolve the issues, which are associated with the organization. It is quite important to identify various data as well as processing operations, which will be passed to Cloud. For each type of processing, the customer should establish the type of data by differentiating them based on personal data, sensitive data, strategic data as well as data, which is utilized for various business applications (Garg, Versteeg and Buyya 2013).The organization must define all their legal as well as technical requirements. The requirements should contain various legal constraints, practical constraints as well as technical constraints. It is very much important to have proper risk analysis for identifying different measures, which are important for the organization (Weiet al.2014).It is also important to identify the various type of cloud for achieving planned processing. Drawbacks of the solutions The illustrated solution does not help in resolving all the issues effectively. The solutions have some drawbacks, which include: Security and Privacy:The solutions provided are not enough for resolving the issues effectively. Security, as well as a privacy issue, remains in the business organization that works with cloud computing (Hashemet al.2015).This is mainly due to the fact a remote cloud infrastructure helps in outsourcing everything it has. Vulnerability to attack:In cloud computing, each of the elements can be accessed from the internet and as a result, nothing that is connected with the internet is safe (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016).The solutions provided are also not effective in resolving the vulnerable attacks, which are associated with the business organization in context with, cloud computing. Limited control and flexibility:It is identified that there is limited control over the different functions as well as the execution of hosting infrastructures inside cloud infrastructures. Cloud provider, as well as various management policies, might be helpful in imposing deployments of the customers (Whaiduzzamanet al.2014).The solutions are not proper for resolving the issue, which is related to the flexibility of the business organization. New Solution As discussed in the literature review, security, control, and vulnerability are the main concerns of cloud computing and also there is no proper solution for it. So according to my opinion following are some steps that should be followed to solve these issues: Security models:(Al-Anzi, Yadav Soni (2014)).Because of the dynamic nature of Cloud computing, its Security requirement varies continuously from its traditional environment and ownership by the customer. Security Policies:It includes risk management, security governance as well as compliance. The initial responsibility of any organization is to identify its control structure so that needed security steps can be taken. People and identity management:It includes right of access to data only by authorized member i.e. no access to data should be granted to any unauthorized user or member. Application security:It includes XML encryption as it is very necessary to protect the data from XML attacks. Information Security:I.S is one of the major concerns of cloud computing, therefore proper detection and security systems must be developed so as to secure the information from any external source. Physical infrastructure:It includes biometric security and computer access control system which is also known as CAS. Auditing Auditing means to ensure the integrity of outsourced data and also to save customers time and burden of online processing. In 2014,RewadkarandHatagedevelop a third party application for auditing known as TPA. This application will automatically check the correctness and integrity of the outsourced data whenever it receives a verification request from the customer. Policies Policies refer to the set of rules that are to be followed across the organization to ensure its security targets. The main thing that should be taken care while creating a policy is that the service provider must be aware of the policy. Organizations managing team can also take the help of cloud service provider in deciding the security policies as CSP already known the policies of various other customers so he can guide the managers or policy makers to make the effective decisions. But it will be wiser if the management or customers make their own policies by themselves only as per their needs. See Cloud It is an identity-based security protocol. This protocol works according to the following steps: First of all, SIO (System initialization Operator) generate some system parameters. After the parameters are generated successful, SIO chooses two random parameters, one for the master key and other for the public key. The user connected to the cloud needs to register himself as authorized user by providing unique identification details. After the user has registered successfully, he needs to send a request to the service provider to get the necessary storage for storing the data and then the CSP allocates the storage. It also ensure the auditing process as user needs to sign everystorage or transmission block in order to be an authorized user. After the completion of these steps, CSP verifies the results so as to confirm the successful transmission of data. See cloud also offered a feature to allow an organization be set as trusted. Once the organization is set as trusted the data transmission process will be processed automatically. RAID Raid is the process of encryption that divides the data into different small blocks. These small blocks are then given to various service providers. Raid stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. Its main advantage is that it increases the availability, redundancy and fault tolerance of the data. An example of Raid system is if data B has to be stored on the cloud then, first of all, it will be encrypted and splits onto small block named B1, B2, B3, and so on. After this division, these blocks are given to service providers for storage. Biometrics It is one of the biggest reasons for the success on the client side. If in case a clients server is hacked, the whole data is in very critical situation. So Biometrics is the must applied technology for the data security as it will provide access to only the authorized users by using electric system behavior. Self-destruction The main motive of applying the concept of self-destruction of data is to give control of the data to the user even if the user is not controlling the server where the data is stored. It will also help in controlling the loss of highly sensitive data. This solution is very helpful in case of temporary sensitive data (Xiong et al., 2014). Evaluation and Comparison It is clear that we have discussed a lot about the CCs security concerns and also their solutions. But the question that arises is whether the new solution is better than the current ones? In order to answer this evaluation of the solution among the current solution is required. This part includes the evaluation of the new solution and also its comparison with the current solution. As we have discussed the steps of the new solution that must be followed to resolve the concerns regarding cloud computing. Following are the advantages or benefits of the new solution. Advantages of new solution: Better security: As in the literature review part, we have studied that the access control, privacy and security are the three major concerns of the cloud computing. In view of this, the new solution has been generated, which resolve all these mentioned issue. Improved methods: It contains new improved algorithms and techniques as compared to the old solution. Better control: As the new solution provides features of auditing and self-destruction of data, it gives most of the control of the data to the user. User can easily self-destruct the sensitive information which results in better security. Practical solutions: Current solutions only contains theoretical solutions while the new solution deals with all the practical solutions which include auditing applications, Biometric securities etc. Easy to implement: The new solution is very easy to implement. Nowadays most of the organizations are using the Biometric security for their staff attendance. So it will be easy for them to use the same for the cloud security. Flexibility: The new solution is very flexible in nature. It provides the flexibility for avoiding the server crashes in case of high traffic because of large no. of users by scaling up the cloud solution. But in case of high scalability, cost factor increases so for this, it provides the feature of scaling back down when the traffic is lowered so as to reduce the cost. High availability: The applications that are used in the new solution comes with built-in redundancies so as to ensure that they are available for the users all the time. Moreover the solution includes live monitoring which leads to the better support by the service providers. Reliable: As the new solution involves the use of trusted third party applications, so the users can easily rely on these applications for the security of their data. It means that the users can use the cloud computing promptly and in a very efficient manner. Easy backup and recovery: It contains various steps for the easy backup of the users data. Real time security: As the data before stored into the cloud is encrypted first, it will lead to better security of data which results in minimizing the risk to the important data or assets. Manageability: As the users have control over their data so they can easily manage and change their data as per their requirements. Universally applicable: It means that the new solution can be applied to any of the cloud models. There is no need to adopt different security solutions for different deployment models. Following are the comparisons between the new and the old solutions. New Solution Old solutions This can be applied to all cloud deployment models. It contains the different solution for different deployment models. Greater security Less security The only limitation is high cost. Cheaper as compared to the new solution. Very less drawbacks Security, privacy and vulnerability issues are still not resolved. The user has total control over the data. Very less control. Easy implement. Hard to implement More reliable Less reliable Practical solutions Theoretical solutions. Highly flexible Less flexible It is clear that if we compare new solution with the old solutions, the new solution is far better than the current ones. But as we know nothing comes with full perfection. So there are some drawbacks for the new solution that are as follows: Drawbacks of New Solution: Cost:Cost is a major drawback of the new solution as it is not possible for every user to invest in expensive security systems.. Hardware and software integrity issues: If we analyze the solution properly, it seems that the solution focuses only on the security and privacy concern. But if we talk about integrity, it only deals with data integrity whereas there are various other sub areas of integrity which do not exist in the solution. These sub-areas are Software integrity and hardware integrity. These issues should be deeply searched. Vendor Lock-in: It is very difficult for the organizations to migrate their services from one vendor to other. Although the new solution provide flexibility and integrity of the data but the feature of switching cloud servers is still not evolved. Limited control over infrastructure: Customers can only have control over the applications and the services given by the server, but the entire infrastructure is only under the control of the service provider. So the users are unable to perform key administrative tasks. Virtualization: There is no relevant research for the problem of virtualization in the new solution. It includes cyber-attacks, data isolation and leakage of data. Short term Solution: As we know that cloud computing is changing very rapidly. So the new purposed solution is not efficient to use for a long term. Further new solutions must be adopted as per the change in Cloud computing. Conclusion This report includes the deep research of the cloud computing. Its motive is to find the biggest security concerns and the relevant solutions to resolve these concerns. I have gone through 52 cloud computing articles and selected 26 which were seemed relevant to search the major issues and their required solutions. But as cloud computing is a very vast concept so there are still various issued to be resolved References Arora, R., Parashar, A. and Transforming, C.C.I., 2013. Secure user data in cloud computing using encryption algorithms.International journal of engineering research and applications,3(4), pp.1922-1926. Garg, S.K., Versteeg, S. and Buyya, R., 2013. A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), pp.1012-1023. Hashem, I.A.T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N.B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A. and Khan, S.U., 2015. The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, pp.98-115 Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC pres Wei, L., Zhu, H., Cao, Z., Dong, X., Jia, W., Chen, Y. and Vasilakos, A.V., 2014. Security and privacy for storage and computation in cloud computing.Information Sciences,258, pp.371-386. Whaiduzzaman, M., Sookhak, M., Gani, A. and Buyya, R., 2014. A survey on vehicular cloud computing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,40 (pp.325-344). Behl, A., Behl, K. (2012). An analysis of cloud computing security issues. In 2012 World Congress on Information and Communication Technologies (WICT) (pp. 109114). Al-Anzi, F. S., Salman, A. A., Jacob, N. K., Soni, J. (2014). Towards robust, scalable and secure network storage in Cloud Computing. In 2014 Fourth International Conference on Digital Information and Communication Technology and its Applications (DICTAP) (pp. 5155). Al-Anzi, F. S., Yadav, S. K., Soni, J. (2014). Cloud computing: Security model comprising governance, risk management and compliance. In 2014 International Conference on Data Mining and Intelligent Computing (ICDMIC) (pp. 16).

Training and Development an Example by

Training and Development TRAINING PLAN The training conducted in most organizations improves skills and workability of employees especially the new ones (Pont, 2003). It can be done by non members or internal members, who are experts in order to transmit the expected skills or knowledge to improve/ up-grade in their working organizations (Keller, 2005). Every company should look forward to training all the employees because lack of sufficient and more required skills mostly the recent ones exposes the company to be back-dated hence conducting their services by use of out-fashioned techniques (Griffin, 2007). Lack of skills can cause a low profit income in the company and inhibit the fame of being top leaders in other nations. Trainings mostly dealing with improvement of skills should be highly emphasized rather than training basing on soft skills. Need essay sample on "Training and Development" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Challenges of unskillful workers; It has been noted that most companies are facing the problem of lack of well educated employers, especially in this modern world of technology that is changing now and then hence demanding new skills and production methods. In most circumstances several companies faced by such challenges tend to recruit new members to fix the problem, but the effort is often stymied by unqualified candidates (Keller, 2005). Solution The only medicine to curb this problem is by offering training sessions to workers. It can be conducted by internal members or external members. Diverse training can be a better program in this plan which will discuss more on human rights in work or anywhere else, ethics, relationships in work place and how to handle conflicts (Griffin, 2007). The training program can only be made effective by the management with the aid of all the head of department who will help in narrowing down the specific topics to be discussed and any other agenda to be included (Pont, 2003). Reasons for training When there is a need for improvement in performance If a new product is being introduced If there is a new technique/technology in the market When the management wants to examine new performance system of management The training can just be part of general professional development Benefits It improves the workers skills and adds knowledge (Keller, 2005). Lowers the rates of employees turnover Increases production thus increasing profit Improves the organizations image therefore advertising the organizations products Opens new opportunities to use and cope up with the modern technology It motivates and uplifts the workers morale It raises efficiencies in production thus the end results become excellent (Griffin, 2007) It enables in the management of risks There is job satisfaction It enables people to get along with each other and be able to solve misunderstandings There is safety in handling machines and tools It facilitates a smooth flow of communication It uplifts the organization to another threshold of performance so as to operate new tasks in future When starting a training program the management should know that every program must begin simple but cater for the needs or requirement of the company. The management should follow up the plan while sticking to it for the benefit of satisfaction (Keller, 2005). The plan might change on the way but the focus should not be lost. Once the plan is set it becomes the final results instead of the means, it can also be an overall direction while the actual treasure evolving from implementing this plan becomes the basics one attains (Griffin, 2007). To achieve the whole basics one must be willing to go through a process. Lay down some basics like; the entire end results expected to be achieved through implementing describe the way forward after the activities learned from the plan the methods or techniques to be used so as to attain the objectives documentation or prove to be shown after the learning sessions Finally evaluate the quality of prove to determine whether some of the major objectives were achieved. Williams institute for ethics and management; as it focuses on major decision making, responsibility and accountability of individuals this training can be of great help in organizations (Pont, 2003). Workers will become more informed and responsible towards their own thoughts (Griffin, 2007). This in return will motivate the workers to be more innovative, self dependent, intelligent and change their perception towards work and life in general (Keller, 2005).This program can be applied in most organizations where effective communication has lost its meaning. In conclusion, In order to communicate effectively code of ethics is essential. Workers whose communication style is ineffective can be advised to learn more on the skills of communication or the company itself can organize a training program not only for specific individuals but for the entire organization. This will help to improve communication from top management to the lowest subordinates. References Griffin, R. (2007). Fundamentals of Management, 5th Ed. London: Cengage Learning. Keller, P. (2005). Six sigma demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Pont, T. (2003). Developing effective training skills, 3rd Ed. New York: CIPD Publishing.

Controlling The Internet Essays - Content-control Software

Controlling The Internet Essays - Content-control Software Controlling The Internet Controlling the Internet Censorship plays a role in everything that is portrayed on the Internet. However, due to the size and its rapid growth, it has become almost impossible to control. In respect to censorship in the Internet, we will be examining the issues of pornography, privacy, security, and the Napster debate. In 1989, the World Wide Web was developed. This new technology enabled Internet users to exchange information on a global scale. With no restrictions on what information could be shared, the Internet has become home to an assortment of web-sites consisting of topics that are shunned from the mainstream media. For example, literature that was banned from high schools and colleges for content that contained sexually explicit, anti-religious or immoral material has been made available through web-sites such as Banned Books On-Line. Over the last decade, governments have struggled to regulate the content of the Internet. For example, in 1996 the Congress of the United States passed the Communications Decency Act, which made it a crime to transmit indecent material over the Internet. Materials such as child-pornography (which will be discussed later) were deemed offensive and thus distributors must be prosecuted. To help catch Internet content violators, organizations such as the Internet Police were created. Internet Police The Internet Police, help to regulate the Internet by; reporting illegal websites, pressuring governments to apply relevant legislation, block illegal material and report attempts by people to access child pornography. In response to the Communications Decency Act, many Internet users, industry experts and civil liberties groups were opposed to such censorship. Websites such as The Electronic Frontier Foundation were created to uphold the rights to digital free expression from political and legal threats. Anti-censorship followers feel the governments actions are infringing on their freedom of speech. When taken to the Supreme Court in 1997, the court was forced to abolish the Act because it was unconstitutional. Internet censorship can sometimes vary depending on the country. For example, in communist countries such as China, Western ideologies conveyed on the Internet are seen as harmful to the solidarity of the Chinese government. As such, all E-mails leaving and entering the country are screened and edited by government officials. Sometimes messages are even deleted if they are seen as harmful to national interests. Recently, the Chinese government has tried to develop its own China World Web which will hope to censor any unwanted western messages. Security Issues Today, the Internet is more like the everyday world, with all of its promises and problems, than a reflection of academia or an island village. While it's become a tremendous tool for commerce and information, the 'Net has also become a home to thieves, terrorists and vandals. The Internet provides concealment for malicious users. The remote nature of the 'Net also creates a false sense of security. Many users log on in blissful ignorance, believing they're okay because they can't see or feel any threats. Even after learning their workstations or Web sites have been broken into multiple times, many fail to understand the threats lurking on the other end of the wire. Routinely are systems attacked from multiple vectors, worms carried in by e-mails, bandwidth consumed by floods of bogus traffic, and workstation CPUs hijacked through some unpatched vulnerability. Case Studies Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN). Under E-SIGN, A signature, contract or other record relating to [a] transaction may not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability solely because it is in electronic form. For the first time, it's not essential that a physical (wet) signature be inscribed onto paper to bind a commitment. E-SIGN is one of the most empowering ingredients for future e-commerce, especially for financial institutions. Visa International 19 million vendors and more than 1 billion cardholders. (sic) Consumers now want to know what's being done to secure their online transactions. Like never before, online shoppers are receptive to learning about things like smart cards, security protocols and digital wallets. This, in turn, prompts companies to develop technologies and services to meet this demand. Visa is taking a multifaceted approach to ensuring that consumers have the same confidence in the virtual world as in the physical world. In June 2000, Visa launched a Global Secure e-Commerce Initiative

Learn How to Use Cè and Ci Sono

Learn How to Use C'à ¨ and Ci Sono If you stop and listen to yourself speak English, you’ll notice that you repeat the same kind of structures again and again. Most notably, you’ll hear a lot of â€Å"there is† and â€Å"there are† when starting sentences. Since it is such a frequently used structure, it’s one that’s essential to know in Italian. So how do you say â€Å"there is† and â€Å"there are† in Italian? Below you’ll find the translations for both phrases along with examples to help you understand how to use it in everyday conversation. Let’s Discuss the Present C’à ¨ (from ci à ¨) There isCi sono There are Here are some examples of these phrases being used in the present tense. Esempi (c’à ¨): Non c’à ¨ fretta. - There is no hurry.C’à ¨ un bell’uomo l che ti aspetta. - There is a handsome man waiting for you there.Scusi, c’à ¨ Silvia? - Excuse me, is Silvia there?C’à ¨ una parola difficile in questa frase. - Theres a difficult word in this sentence.C’à ¨ qualcosa che non va. - There is something not right (in this situation).C’à ¨ una gelateria qui in zona che à ¨ buonissima. - There is an ice cream shop in this neighborhood that is so delicious.C’à ¨ una ragazza qua che non mi piace per niente. - There is a girl who I don’t like at all. It’s likely that you’ve heard the popular expression â€Å"che c’à ¨?†, which is the Italian equivalent of â€Å"what’s up?†. Literally, it can be translated as â€Å"what is there?†. You: Che c’à ¨ tesoro? - What’s up honey?Friend: Niente, perchà ¨? - Nothing, why are you asking me?You: Ti vedo un pà ² triste. - You look a bit sad. Esempi (ci sono): Ci sono molti italiani a New York. - There are many Italians in New York.Ci sono troppi gusti buonissimi, quindi non posso scegliere! - There are too many good flavors, so I can’t choose!Non ci sono molti ristoranti cinesi qua. - There are not many Chinese restaurants here.Uah! Ci sono tanti libri italiani in questa biblioteca. Sono al settimo cielo! - Wow! There are so many Italians book in this library. I’m in seventh heaven!Sul tavolo ci sono due bottiglie di vino che ho comprato ieri sera. - On the table there are two bottles of wine that I bought last night. C’à ¨ and ci sono should not be confused with ecco (here is, here are; there is, there are), which is used when you point at or draw attention to something or someone (singular or plural). Eccoci! - Here we are!Eccoti i documenti che avevi richiesto. - Here are the documents you requested. What About the Past? If you want to say â€Å"there was† or â€Å"there were†, you’re most likely going to need to use either the passato prossimo tense or l’imperfetto. Knowing which one to choose is a topic for a different day (and one that makes Italian language students want to pull their hair out), so instead we’ll just focus on what these phrases would look like in both forms. Esempi: Il passato prossimo (c’à ¨ stato/a) C’à ¨ stata molta confusione. - There was a lot of confusion/chaos.C’à ¨ stato un grande concerto allo stadio. - There was a great concert at the stadium.Ci sono stati molti esempi produttivi. - There were lots of good examples. Notice here that the ending of â€Å"stato† has to agree with the subject of the sentence, so if â€Å"parola† is feminine and it’s the subject, then â€Å"stato† has to end in an â€Å"a†. Esempi: Il passato prossimo (ci sono stati/e) Ci sono state troppe guste buonissime, quindi non potevo scegliere! - There were too many good flavors, so I couldn’t choose!Ci sono stati tanti libri italiani in quella biblioteca. Sono stato/a al settimo cielo! - There were so many Italians book in that library. I was in seventh heaven!Quando ho studiato l’italiano, non ci sono state molte scuole per imparare la lingua. - When I studied Italian, there were not many schools for learning the language. Notice here that the ending of â€Å"stato† has to agree with the subject of the sentence, so if â€Å"libri† is masculine and it’s the subject, then â€Å"stato† has to end in â€Å"i†. Esempi: l’imperfetto (cera) Quel giorno, non c’era fretta. - That day, there was no hurry.Quando ero piccola qui c’era una gelateria buonissima. - When I was a little girl, there was a delicious ice cream shop in this neighborhood.Intorno a noi, c’era un bel panorama della campagna di Orvieto. - Around us, there was a beautiful view of the countryside of Orvieto. Esempi: l’imperfetto (cerano) Da bambino, non c’erano molti ristoranti cinesi qua. - When I was a little boy, there weren’t many Chinese restaurants here.Un giorno facevo una passeggiata e ho visto che c’erano molti cani randagi. - One day I was taking a walk I saw that there were a lot of stray dogs.C’erano un paio di studenti che hanno imparato pià ¹ velocemente rispetto agli altri. - There were a couple of students that learned faster than the other students. Other Forms You May See Il congiuntivo presente (the present subjunctive) - ci sia and ci siano Spero che ci sia bel tempo. - I hope it’s going to be sunny. Il congiuntivo imperfetto (the imperfect subjunctive) - ci fosse and ci fossero Dubito che ci siano molte persone al teatro. - I doubt there will be lots of people at the theater.

COPD Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

COPD - Case Study Example The chances of having COPD grow the more one smokes and the longer one has been smoking. This is because smoking inflames and irritates the lungs, which consequences in damaging. Over several years, the irritation steers to long-lasting variations in the lung. The partitions of the air-passage thicken and more secretion is generated. Injury to the subtle walls of the alveoli in the lungs results to emphysema and causes the lungs to lose their regular elasticity. The minor alveoli become damaged and contracted (Ellen & Kirkhorn, 2015).  These variations results in the symptoms of coughing, breathing difficulty and phlegm related to COPD. A patient named R.S. comprised of pathological variations in four different partitions of the lungs (pulmonary vasculature, lung parenchyma, peripheral airways and central airways), which are patchily available in R.S. with the COPD. Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor for R.S. patient with COPD, however, other inhaled toxic particles and gases may contribute. Therefore, treating tobacco use and dependence should be regarded as a primary and a speciï ¬ c intervention for R.S. condition. His smoking should be evaluated routinely whenever the patient avails himself to a healthcare facility and should be provided with the best opportunity to treat his condition. This results in an inï ¬â€šammatory reaction in the lungs, which is blown up in this particular patient who is a smoker and drives to the distinguishing pathological destruction of the lungs of the patient (Ellen & Kirkhorn, 2015). Furthermore to lung inï ¬â€šammation, antiproteinases and an imbalance of proteinases in the lungs and oxidative stress are also essential in the pathogenesis of the patient. The variant pathogenic mechanisms generate the pathological variation which, subsequently, develop the following physiological defects in R.S patient: cilliary dysfunction and mucous hypersecretion; hyperinï ¬â€šation and airï ¬â€šow limitation; gas

Long and Foster Real Estate Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Long and Foster Real Estate Companies - Essay Example The Siemens system after full incorporation will serve the Long and Foster Reston office agents with an aim to bettering their services. In order to efficiently use the services of the system, the agents will need to be trained in its operations so as to ensure the smooth incorporation of the system into their every day working environment. After the successful integration of the phone system into the organization’s system, the company will immediately notice changes in its productivity levels. This system will, in the long run, boost the productivity levels of the company by more than 30% as it ensures efficiency in every task that it is programmed to undertake, including but not limited to the forwarding of calls from the office to the agents in a timely manner. This ensures that the agents are free to execute the rest of their mandates tasks thus making them more efficient. The system will also allow for the optimization and streamlining of the business itself, as well as meet all of the needs of this growing business. With this in mind, I have chosen to undertake this study with a view to studying this magnificent system and the impact it is going to have to this company both immediately after incorporation and also looking at the company as an organization that has to survive. Technology is rapidly changing in our world and an organization must embrace this change or be left behind. For an organization to run efficiently while ensuring maximum productivity, it requires resources that will facilitate its functioning noting to increase its productivity. These resources are brought in to facilitate the smooth running of the organization while enabling it to meet its set objectives. The telephone system is very important to an organization. One of the obvious reasons for this is to ensure that the organization maintains contacts with its clientele.  

Social and political doctrine Essay Example for Free

Social and political doctrine Essay Fascist theorists, repeating one of Mussolinis convictions, maintained that every social and political doctrine revolved around a specific conception of man and society. If this is true, Fascisms doctrine gravitated around a normic conception of man and society which Fascist theoreticians themselves variously charecterized as organic, solidaristic, or communalistic in order to distinguish it from the liberal coception to which Fascism was intransigently opposed. Before the advent of Fascism, both syndicalists and nationalists referred to their general conception of man and society as organic ;that is to say, society was understood to constitute a system, an integrated network of recurrent norm- governed interpersonal behavior patterns, coprehensive and differentiated enough to be self- sufficient with respect to the functional equirements of its members, and capable of long- term persistence. The individual was understoo to be a functioning component of a self-regulating social system. He was conceived as a determinate person only insofar as he assumed functions within the structure of relations which preceded his role occupancy and which would persist beyond it. For Fascists to speak of a social system, of integration, of norm governance, and of pattern persistence implied the existence of a central and sovereign agency of control and regulation: the state. Thus, in one of the early systematizations of Fascist doctrine, Giovanni Corso could maintain that society, law, and state are inseparable notions. The one is intrinsic to the other:. In 1935, Stefano Raguso insisted that even  the simplest community of men is inconceivable unless sustained by an active principle of organization [and] this principle of organization consists in the subordination to a sovreign, political power. This relationship had already been systematized in 1927 by Corrado Gini, who was a member of the commission studying constitutional reform after Fascisms accession to power. He describes society as a system normally found in evolutionary or devolutionary equilibrium possessed of the capacity of self- conservation and re- equilibrization which finds its highest expressioo in the modern state. Fascist doctrine inherited many conceptions from the sociological traditions of prewar Italy, but it was the conception of the state, which became central to Fascist thought only in 1921, which gave Fascism a specific and determinate character of its own. Thus, Fascists indicated that while the people, sustained by the group building sentiments to which we have alluded, constitute the content of the state, the state is formally defined by its political and juridical functions. Fascists held that, technically speaking, any form of ordered, autonomous associated life was animated by a state. The state is any society or community of men held together by a political nexus. The formal element in the state is its sovereign political and juridical power. The state is the creator of an order, through the medium of law, or norms, that reduces all the component entities to unity and coordinates all activities to a common end. The state is the ultimate repository of force to which all other must, in the final analysis, appeal for regulative sanction. Fascist theorists like Panunzio recognized that organized associations within the state had the capacity to issue rules and regulations governing their collective membership, but they held that such rules and regulations were effective only if they were directly or indirectly sanctioned by the state. That is, it was recognized that association would follow interests, real or fancied, that provided the grounds of identification among men. The imposing rise of economic organizations, specifically the syndicates, was ample evidence of that historic reality. Sects, clubs, cooperatives, cultural association- all constituted interest-fostered, rule-governed association within the state. All were autonomousinsofar as they were capable of governing their  own internal organization by the promulgstion of procedural and substantive rules. The state might not, for whatever reasons, exercise its sovereign right over them. Organizations might continue to function on the strenght of their own capacity to sanction their members. Nonetheless, Fascists insisted, the state is the sole and ultimate source of imperative sanction since the stae has the exclusive right to the regulation of the use of force. In effct, Fascism rejected the thesis that there was any limit, in principle, to the states political and juridical sovereignity. The state was integral, totalitarian. Fascism conceived no interest-economic, educational, religious or cultural- as falling outside its purview. Tere was, consequently, no private as distinct from public interest. This idea found doctrinal expression in Mussolinis aphorism: Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, and nothing against the state. If the term community has as its reference a number of individuals whose behaviour is governed by a normative order, and if the state provides the ultimate sanction that sustains theorder, the state is then understood to constitute  an underlying and essential social reality that is coextensive and coterminous with, and logically prior to, the community. If that community is a nation- a community having a common history and culture, that manifests itself in shared, stable, and habitual preferences and pririties that permit members to share more intimately with each other a wider range of communication than with outsiders- then the nation and the state are, in some critical sense, conflated. In speaking of the state per se one refers to the normative order, and in speaking of the nation one speaks of the collection of living individuals whose behaviour exemplifies that order. The political formula, Costamagna maintained, was a stenographic and sometimes elliptical formula which exressed the ultimate moral basis upon which the legitimation of power of a political class rests. Recognition, on the part of the political mass, of the legitimacy of rule entitles the moral obligation of obedience to rule. Moreover, the political formula provides the hierarchy of values which order the moral universe of the individual. The politica formula provides the content of imperatives and their normative force as well. In terms of the doctrinal language of Fascism, the nation was construed to be the real and the ultimate source of all that was valuable and valued in the individual. The nation was understood to be essentially a norm-governed community. The state was the ultimate source of sanction which, in making the norms operative, made the nation a realiy. In this fashion the state and the nation are identified with the expression stato-nazion. Since the normative system is the constitutive moral substance of the people that constitute the content of the nation-state, the state and the people are identified with the expression stato-  popolo. Since the prevailing normative system is the product of a series of creative acts on the part of historic political elites, and the contemporary political elite is charged with the responsability of sustaining and perpetuating that system and educating the masses to its responsabilities, that elitr organized in a unitary party and that system can be identified with the expression stato-partito. What results is a convenient set of substitutions that permits the nation to be identified with the state, the people and the party. This, in essence, is what Fascism mean by an integral  political system, or totalitarianism. In effect, what was implied was an identification of the ultimate real interests of the nation, the state, the party, and the individual, however divergent their apparent interests. Since the state and the party were effectively identified with the wilol of the man, Mussolini, was via the substitutions above indicated, identified with the nation. It was this identification which charecterized Mussolinis leadership as charismatic; the Duce was conceived as the living and active incarnation of the nation. This conception of charisma entered  official Fascism doctrine, for Michels identified the Regime as charismatuc government, and the official Party manual of 1936 maintained that the charismatic theory of the national society has found, in reality its first full realization in Fascism. The Fascist Synthesis Fascist doctrine was largely Mussolinis own product. Some os its elements were vital constituents of Mussolinis social and political thought as early as 1904. As he gimself indicated, however, these elements had themselves been constituents of other political or intellectual traditions. The three princical doctrinal sources of the Fascist synthesis are the antiparliamentarian sociological tradition of Gumplowicz, Mosca, Pareto, the radical syndicalist tradition of Sorel, and the nationalist tradition of Corradini. A common provenience and a constellation of historic circumstances bruoght these traditions together in Fascism. What was lacking was a principle of unity, a concept which would articulate these elements into a defensible rationale. That unifying concept was the Gentilean notion of the state; and with its adoption Fascism became the first frank totalitarian movement on the twentieth century. The doctrine of Fascism rests upon the moral priority of the nation and the state as its moral substance against which all other values are relative. Since this is th case, we have notdealt with the varying and various institutions thruogh which the integration of economy was affected. The institutional structure of the Corporative State is far less significant than the hierarchy of values which provided its rationale. Fascists early made it plain that they would use whatever methods proved effective in their effort to integrate the economic, intellectual and political life on the nation into one infrangible unity.

Essay on Women in A Dolls House and Tess of the DUrbervilles :: A Dolls House Essays

A Doll's House and Tess of the D'Urbervilles During the late nineteenth century, women were beginning to break out from the usual molds. Two authors from that time period wrote two separate but very similar pieces of literature. Henrik Ibsen wrote the play A Doll's House, and Thomas Hardy wrote Tess of the D'Urbervilles. Ibsen and Hardy both use the male characters to contrast with their female counterparts to illustrate how women are stronger by following their hearts instead of their minds. Ibsen uses Torvald, to depict a world where men choose to follow their minds in place of their hearts. Ibsen has Torvald believe that he is truly in love with his wife Nora. Torvald believes he will "risk my life's blood, and everything, for your sake."(63) The author sets the reader up to believe that Torvald is a chivalrous guy who would give life and limb to defend his true love, as the author believes that any real man would. Later in the play, a circumstance arises where he is given the opportunity to defend his wife. He does a 180 degree turn around and explains to his wife that "no man would sacrifice his honour for the one he loves."(71) The author shows the stupidity of Torvald with his misconception of honor. In actuality when a man sacrifices himself for the one he loves it brings him honor. Torvald is viewed as a true hypocrite. Torvald also believes the most important thing is to "save the . . . appearance."(65) He follows his mind, only interested in what is best for society. Ibsen illustrates him as a truly weak human. In contrast to Ibsen, Hardy takes an intellectually free thinker, Angel, who shows a very close minded perspective on events instead of opening himself to his true inner feelings. When Angel's bride reveals to him that she has committed the sin of pre-marital sex as did Angel, he begins to reveal to the reader his ignorance. In her sin, "forgiveness does not apply."(244) Angel's double standard shows the reader that sexism even existed in the free thinkers of the time period like Angel. He believed that his wife's sin was not "a question of respectability, but one of principle."(257) Hardy mocks Angel because he ironically believes himself free from the church, but in actuality his mind is a prisoner to their principles.

Saving Private Ryan

The ingenious film, directed by Steven Spielberg, ‘Saving Private Ryan' is in my opinion the most realistic film to ever portray the D- Day landings. Many critics have even said it to be so vivid that the only element missing is the smell. In the Film's first battle scene, lasting twenty- five minutes in total, it brings all reality into the living nightmare that took place so long ago. Brought back into life by Spielberg, I will show how he creates excitement and tension in the most realistic of ways. I will discuss how he portrays the characters, his use of sound and last of all, his use of camera shots and how they contribute to the overall effect of the scene. Spielberg manifests an overall memorable opening scene and I will show just how. Released on the 24th July 1998, ‘Saving Private Ryan' promised to break all blockbuster records and go straight to the top. Spielberg stunned the world with the film's realism and authenticity, proving that his renowned reputation is not just hearsay, but fact. The plot is loosely inspired by the true story of the Niland brothers, where two of the four were killed and the third, presumed dead. The decision was made to retrieve the fourth, to prevent a national uproar and from a whole family from being wiped out due to War. The plot, proving exciting, brings much controversy over the mission to risk eight lives for the sake of one. The whole epic World War 11 drama cost approximately $65 million in total, most of which was spent on the graphic detail and effects in the first battle scene of the film. Although the twenty-five minute battle scene is complex cinematically and visually, the plot of the beach landings follows through reasonably simply. The scene starts off in focus of a small regiment of troops, quivering inside the hull of a boat, petrified by the sound of oncoming machine gun fire. The ramps fall down as a wheel spins round, pronouncing the ends to most of their lives. The boat opens out as many are shot dead instantly by the flurry of bullets thrust toward them. Few make it out a live before they have to plough through thousands of dead up the beach. As the battle scene cuts into view, the first character to be seen visually is Captain Miller. This immediately indicates that he is high up in rank and so, instantly gives him a commanding presence among the craft. The calmness of his voice even seems to sedate the tension in the atmosphere. However, the initial part of him to be seen is his pair of trembling hands. This conventionally is a sign of fear and to some, may show a weakness. Leaders are not usually associated with fear; stereotypically they are fearless. Spielberg has used this ironically, to show the realism within his character. All the soldiers fighting on that day were normal citizens fighting for pride and country. They all experienced fear. On D- day there were no fearless war heroes such as John Wayne and this is why Captain Miller, along with all the other troops, is shown in trepidation. As the shot moves outward, the whole of Captain Miller's body is revealed. His appearance can be seen and again realism is reinforced. The person acting as Captain Miller, Tom Hanks does not have the stereotypical appearance of a War hero; he is small, placid and in lack of the muscle attributes usually associated with a clichid soldier. Through this casting Spielberg conveys a message. The men fighting on that day were normal. They weren't all large men built of muscle, who could defy death and so, the person cast as Captain Miller isn't either. Through this, the character of Captain Miller is made realer to the audience, thus making the film more accurate and historically correct. On the beach, after the regiment has landed, the Captain experiences a brief period where his emotions and conscience are thrown into turmoil. The horror of what is happening around him starts to sink in, as all terror results in a mental breakdown. The fact that he does not just march through the beach and that he is affected shows his compassion and empathy. It shows he is a caring human being; one who is gravely affected by the horrific things being done to his comrades. Through this period of collapse, Spielberg creates lots of tension, as the audience, who have gradually started to become attached to this realistic character, are willing him to snap out of it and gain his composure. They want him to get out of this situation and lead his troops up the beach. Another character that stands prominent in this scene is that of Sergeant Horvath. Spielberg has used Horvath's character to contrast with Captain Miller, and this is seen even in the first few seconds of his dibut. Immediately as the audience set eyes upon his broad build, it can be seen that he is much more robust than the Captain and that he conforms more to the stereotypical image of a fictional war hero. I think that Spielberg has highlighted this point emphasise the normality and ordinary image of Captain Miller. He has done this to show that soldiers were all shapes and sizes. Through this contrast made, the realism of both characters is increased as they both can be recognised uniquely. Horvath and Miller again contrast in their methods of dealing with the trepidation and horror thrown at them. Whereas the Captain releases his petrified state through the constant trembling of his hands, Horvath allows his fear to disperse through chewing. Through Horvath's different reaction, Spielberg defines his character more, making him more realistic as he deals with situations in a different way. As soldiers in real life all reacted uniquely depending on their personalities, Horvath does too. The audience then can identify better with him, likening him to people they know, thus recognising him as a real type of person, one who is unique. Although Captain Miller and Sergeant Horvath contrast in many ways, together they form a prevailing partnership. In every order relayed by the Captain, the Sergeant reinforces it, thus portraying his regard, proving that he has an immense admiration for the man. Horvath continuously stays close to the Captain, waiting for his command and looking out for him. Spielberg uses him as the Captains right arm. Everything about Horvath, from his bear like face, down to his cumbersome build, shout; protector! In view of this, the audience take a liking to him and confide comfort in the fact that Horvath will protect and bring their ‘everyman' (the Captain) to safety. Spielberg uses the relationship between the two characters to excite the audience, as he shows that War is so out of the ordinary, that it brought together people in friendships who otherwise wouldn't have done so. Captain Miller and Sergeant Horvath have such a strong relationship during this scene that excitement arouses among the audience, as they know that together the two will survive. Private Jackson, the regiment's sniper is another character that has an essential role in the battle scene. His preliminary appearance is in the landing craft, immediately before the ramps descend. His face, being one of pure dread is an open book to the audience. He is so terrified that his expression and the first act that he commits, a kiss on a cross, show that he believes that there is no hope for survival left. It is as though he thinks that a kiss on the cross is the last action he is going to do and that if God is ever going to come to his aid, let it be now. I think that Spielberg has used this crucifix and his expression of misgiving, to draw compassion for the Private, but also to show how close death is to God. Immense suspense is created through the terror in Jackson's eyes. Private Jackson is not focused upon much during the struggle to gain ground and progress up the beach, however is substantial in the climax of the Scene. In this section of the scene, there is a long pause where the camera focuses upon the concentration on Jackson's face. He is speaking to God as he prepares to shoot and kill the Germans. During this moment of prayer, Jackson is in the action, yet alone and buried in responsibility. The long, seemingly calm pause is interspersed with other images of the dying, frantically praying to God in midst of all Chaos. Spielberg has used this range of images varied together, to prolong Jackson's pause, generating tension as the audience anticipate the outcome. The different images are of various scenarios, where like Jackson they are praying to God in their time of need. Although the requirements of God are very different, this just shows that whatever situation that people are in, the natural instinct at the end of the day, is to call for a supernatural being, to come at their rescue. The element of spiritual confiding in this, show again just how close death is to God and this is clearly portrayed when Jackson say's: â€Å"I am close to you Lord†. This is said moments before the Private shoots. He at this point is unsure of his survival and shows that he knows that he is incredibly close to dying. Spielberg lets the audience know this too and creates ample suspense through the pause. All tension that has been lingering is completely released when Private Jackson shoots and kills the remaining Germans. At this point the enemy onslaught has been destroyed and the American Soldiers are safe. Spielberg uses this point to release all of the excitement and tension that has been building up, transferring the audience into a relative calm. In the whole of the Battle scene, death is an element not escaped from. Spielberg has chosen to portray War how it really was, holding nothing back. In real life, death is not heroic; it is a tragedy that brings fear into the hearts of all men. It was not attractive, it was horrific and to keep it in line with realism. Spielberg too had to show it in this way. During the Scene, everywhere you turn, there is a person dying a painful death, with screams pronouncing the bodies awash with blood. Spielberg creates compassion among the audience, with empathy for the injured. However, he also arouses tension as the thought that maybe one of their favoured characters will be next, loiters in their minds. Spielberg has chosen to show death in such graphic detail, to keep nothing back from the audience. He wants to show it in a realistic way and I think wants to make it as authentic as possible. In other fictional War films, the Soldiers die heroically and for a patriotic reason. In reality, the Soldiers did not want to die and were scared out of their wits. Spielberg has portrayed it much truer to life and has steered away from these stereotypical films into reality, in order to keep the whole film's authenticity as honest as possible. Unlike the Americans during the scene, the audience does not see the Germans' faces. The camera shot restricts the view to distinguish only their backs, shoulders and arms from the rear. Spielberg has done this to dehumanise them, taking away the audiences empathy for their emotions. The eyes are said to be the ‘windows into your soul' and by masking their faces the audience cannot see them and therefore can't sympathise with their emotional state. The Germans were human and they too were going through the same trauma as the Americans. However, Spielberg wanted to get the audience biased toward the allies and so stopped the audience from having any compassion for the ‘enemy'. By doing this, Spielberg creates tension as the audience don't want the Germans (whom they have no emotional attachment to) to kill the ‘much loved' Americans. One machine gun post poses the greatest threat of all, mowing down life by life in every careless movement. The regiment of Soldiers, led by Captain Miller, work as a unified team to break past the barbed wire and screams of the dying. Taking cover, with the aid of their sniper, they kill they gunners and advance past the German bunker. All tension is then released; we know that for now that they are safe. Spielberg has used the characters in such a way, to reinforce the overall realism in the scene. By using one stereotypical character to represent the professional soldiers fighting on that day, he contrasts the rest of the characters to him, emphasising their statuses as average civilians. Through this contrast, realism is put into each of the characters as the realisation that these men were ordinary, comes into the minds of each spectator. Spielberg exploits the character's thoughts and feelings, making the audience connect with them, thus producing tension at the uncertainty of their survival. Through these points made by Spielberg, as a teenage male, I can appreciate the fact that these soldiers were not much older than I and that they weren't all war heroes, but young, petrified men. Sound is another resource greatly used by Spielberg. The ever-loud rapidity of war seems to up the pace of the scene constantly, heightening the adrenaline of the audience and bringing their physical emotional rate in parallel with the chaos on the screen. Spielberg produces immense excitement, as the audience cannot bear to look away. Every moment is unpredictable and so is the sound along with it and this is extremely exciting and tense for the spectator. The last and possibly the greatest used of all three techniques is that of camera work. Spielberg has used this element to create immense tension in the scene. He has done this most notably through a deception early on, by killing off characters that the audience have become attached to and so, simulating an emotion of loss. Through out the scene he has used a long lingering shots to contrast with the rapid staccato of battle, emphasising certain important pauses, thus also generating suspense. The shots of death throughout the scene are extremely moving and certainly cause every spectator to stop and think about the brave men who died on 6th June 1944. Saving Private Ryan It was an inspiration that the private Ryan should be sent safely to his home. The part in which the General read the Letter to Mrs. Bixby, written by Abraham Lincoln to sympathize the mother of five sons believed to have been killed in the American Civil War it is the film back to Rodat's Civil War inspiration. Spielberg in this film has innovated a style of direction. The director has made enormous efforts to make the movie seem real to the viewers. For this purpose, a ‘first person’ camera has been used and the cameras have not been installed right through the large scene, to show the actions, because due to first person camera, the viewer can eye witness the whole environment presented by the director. And as a result, throughout the movie; the consequence on the viewer is a feeling of actually being â€Å"present† during the scenes the scenes as intense as the assault on the beachhead and during the other action sequences. The viewer mind does not feel like a spectator, but rather as an interactive part of a moment in time. To give the real impact; underwater cameras were also used. Through these cameras fighting scenes under the water were clearly available to the viewers to witness, they could even see bullets striking the soldiers under the water. A huge amount of fake blood was used to make the viewer feel the scene real. By these efforts of the director the viewer gets actually involved and feels the dreadful environment of the war. In the beginning of the movie Tom Hanks who played the role of Captain John Miller leaded the company on the D-Day in the fight for Omaha beach. And now he is being sent on a risky mission in which he has to rescue a soldier. When the World War II was on going, the news is given to Chief of Staff, General Marshall that during the war, three brothers of the same family have died. The three brothers have died in action. And three letters were sent to their mother having the news of the death of her three sons on the same day, and their mother, Mrs. Ryan, could not bear this as it was very painful to her. And then he learns that a fourth son is also a soldier and he might be alive, the General plans to send a unit to find him and bring him back, in spite of being told that it's highly doubtful that he is still alive and the area that he was known to be at is very risky. As it was still a great chance that could alleviate the grief of Mrs. Ryan; the army did not miss the opportunity when they learnt that there is a fourth brother whose name was Private James Ryan. So it was decided to send the squad to locate him so that he can go back to his mother. So the unit consisting of 8 men is sent to find him but as affirmed it's very unsafe and one by one, each of them dies. It was a risky mission and the lives of soldiers were in danger. Captain Miller has the task to find Private James Ryan. On the way to Ramelle, Miller makes a decision to take the chance to neutralize a small German machine gun position near to an abandoned radar station. In the resulting fight the squad's medic, Wade (Ribisi) is gravely wounded. The last surviving German wraths the, squad members except Upham (Davies) because he used to be his friend. Miller decides to let the German walk away and capitulate himself to the next allied patrol. Reiben is no longer confident in the leadership of Miller and he declares his purpose to desert, brings about a tense disagreement with Horvath (Sizemore) that intimidates to split the squad apart until Miller finds a solution to the situation and reveals his origins, on which the squad had made a bet and after this Reiben decides to stay. The squad finally arrives to Ramelle where they demolish a German scouting unit with the help of some American paratroopers and one of them was Ryan. In Ramelle the unit gets regrouped. The American army defended the town and Ryan comes to know about the death of his brothers and the rescue mission. Ryan refuses to leave his makeshift unit, and demands that he want to help defend the bridge against a future German counter-attack. Miller unwillingly agrees and allowed Ryan to stay and orders his unit to help guard the bridge in the forthcoming battle. Miller takes command and sets up the defense with manpower and resources they have which were not very sufficient. Towed Flak 38 cannon and half-tracks were owned by the Germans. Thus they were well equipped. The defense operation was leaded by Captain Miller. Americans fought well and made the Germans face heavy casualties. But Germans have killed many Americans squad members. The American unit was devastated by Germans. The defenders had to leave the bridge because the German Tankers had made them suffer a lot . The bridge gets blown by the Americans but on the same time Captain Miller gets injured by the German. An American soldier destroyed the tank when it was about to reach the bridge. The American Army after this advanced even more and defeated the remaining German forces. But only few of American soldiers could survive which included: Ryan, Reiben and Upham. In the last moments of Miller; the last words which he uttered were this: â€Å"James†¦ earn this. Earn it. † (Spielberg 1998) Now the elderly man is being shown which was shown in the beginning of the movie as well. He is actually Ryan and he is at the grave of Miller. Ryan wanted to prove in front of Miller that he has spent his life as a good man. To get the confirmation he requests his wife to say that he has lived as a ‘good man'. And he has not let down Miller and the sacrifice he made for him. COMPARISON OF SAVING PRIVATE RYAN AND WAR BETWEEN GEORGIA AND RUSSIA: The war between Georgia and Russia can be compared to this movie in several ways; in fact all the wars can be compared to each other, as their consequences are always the same, each and every war results in bloodshed and loss of property and really precious lives. The attack of Georgia resembles Germany’s attack that began the World War II. The blood shed rate is high in this war also; it has also caused thousands of people and is the peril to world harmony. As both the nations are well equipped and do not hesitate in causing damages to the opponents. The 2008 war formally began on August 7, 2008 with a military attack by Georgia into one of two provinces, which had affirmed independence sixteen years ago in 1992. Russian quickly reacted with a large scale vengeance in the province and later invaded into Georgia proper. There are various comparisons between the ongoing war of Russia and Georgia with the movie Saving Private Ryan, some of which are discussed in details below: LOSS OF LIVES: So many people have lost there lives in both the depictions of war, i. . the Georgia and Russia war and the events of WWII that have been presented in the movie. Rivers of blood are flowing and everywhere in the environment cries can be heard, war is the second name of devastation. Blood and only blood can be seen all around. The reality of war is extremely brutal. WEAPONS USED: The means of attacking the opponents are almost the same in the movie and the Russia Georgia war. Massive firepower was used in both of them. Tanks attacked the militants as well as the civilians and also jets were used for the attacks. THE REASONS BEHIND THE ATTACK: The causes of both the wars were unknown initially; as both the attacks were made unilaterally, and then the suffering nations had to counter attack in their defense. In the Russia Georgia war, heavy bombardment started from Georgia’s side and in the movie the assault began from the side of Germany. CONCLUSION: This description of war and the portrayal of war which the movie â€Å"Saving Private Ryan† presents seem the same; by reading all these details we imagine blood and painful voices all around. Not only the militants but the civilians also equally suffer; just as the movie has presented the war; the actual war between Georgia and Russia is equally cruel. The war is always horrible, whether we see it in reality or through any other medium. The sketch this movie makes in the mind of the viewer is the actual representation of brutalities of war. Another comparison one can find between these two can be the loss of lives of the militants which so sincerely fight for the defense of the nation and yet meet very cruel deaths. War is nothing but an extreme threat to the people and our mother earth.

Emerging possibilities and ongoing reforms Essay

In 21st century, nations are increasingly becoming diverse, globalised, and complex and media structured. This rapidly changing world filled with fantastic new tribulations needs to be addressed using exciting new emerging possibilities. To adopt new possibilities, modern education reforms are progressively driven by a growing understanding of what works in education and how to go about productively improving teaching and learning in schools. This essay will focus on emerging possibilities and ongoing reform in primary education that are necessary for 21st century learning and hence need to be embraced both locally and globally. This essay will include the elaboration on emerging technologies that are being utilized with the purpose of meeting the global and local requirements and ongoing reforms on education such as Gonski for better schools, Melbourne declaration that acknowledges major changes in the world that are placing new demands on Australian education and globalization. People around the world are taking their education out of school into homes, libraries, internet cafes and workplaces, where they can decide what they want to learn, when they want to learn and how they want to learn. (Colin, Allan et.al, 2009, p3). This new learning model uses technologies to enable people of all ages to pursue learning on their own terms. Traditional class room based, single teachers as instructor model of education has now been replaced by emerging technologies that are being developed constantly in today’s fast moving digital world. It is an innovative technology that is reshaping the nature of education. Computer and network based technologies now hold great potential for increasing the access to information as well as a means of promote learning. (schoolcomputing.wikia.com/wiki/Emerging_Technologies). It redefines the way educators teach and the role of sole source of information to being a guide, facilitator and coach in the learning process. The major emerging technologies for primary education can be interactive whiteboard, I pads and cloud computing. Interactive whiteboard is designed to help students learn variety of ways and for teachers to teach in a range of ways with the ability of using online resources and fun presentation. It is an emerging technology in Australia but globally like UK it has been found to be successful and effective in teaching primary students (Torff & Toritta, 2010). Now what is the rationale for using interactive whiteboard in primary classroom? It increases motivation and performance of student as teachers  can integrate flexibly a variety of pedagogical approaches and the power to efficiently deliver multimedia or multimodal presentation with a touch sensitive screen. It can also increase the student and teacher interaction and can make the teachers teaching process smoother and effective. An interesting element of interactive whiteboard is it allows students from different classroom around country and globally to interact through programs such as Skype or YouTube. This allows for an expansive online classroom, broadening the students own community of practice. Another form of emerging technology is the use of Ipad in the classroom, which is a creative, hands-on device which allows students through educational applications, eBooks and iTunes to engage with content interactively and instantly obtain information moving away from the industrial era model where the classroom is the central learning place. Why do teachers might use Ipad in primary classroom? There are number of reasons why Ipad can be very beneficial emerging technology but one of the most useful features is its sharing information, receiving updates and conducting research hence helpful in communicating and collaborating with the world outside the classroom. Ipad can be very useful tool to interact with others around the world so it connects and create extended learning. Final emerging new technology for 21st century learner is cloud computing. It refers to as the future of education and storing and accessing of applications and computer data often through web browser rather than running installed software on personal computer. (www.cloudcomputingdefined.com). It is an interactive tool where student and teacher can instantaneously collaborate both in and out of the classroom and learn in real time with instant feedback. Cloud computing provides transparency for teachers and their student; collectively they are able to communicate with each other. What is the rational for cloud computing being a useful emerging technology for 21st century learner? One of the reasons it can be useful is its versatility as it can be accessed from home or school therefore great for collaborative assessments or group based projects. This new technology will encourage students to develop and maintain ICT skills (http://cloud-computing3100.wikispaces.com/Rationale+for+cloud+computing). The driving force behind educational reform comes from new technologies that greatly enhance educational opportunities. These new emerging technologies  allow the improved pedagogy that will revolutionize learning. ( Molebash, 1999). In 21st century, ubiquitous availability of ICT had significant implications on education. A significant reform is needed in education, world-wide, to respond to shape global trends. Systematic education reform is needed that include curriculum like National education agreement, pedagogy, teacher training and school organization like GONSKI reform. (Mcgaw, 2009, p1). Earlier this year, Skidmore and Carmicheal mentioned in The Telegraph UK that â€Å"reform is not only necessary, it is essential if we are to ensure that pupils are equipped with the knowledge and skills for the twenty first century.’(Skidmore and Carmicheal, 2013). Being able to do my practical placement at Garfield Barwick School managed by Royal Institute of Deaf and Blind Children (RIDBC), I realized that there is a huge requirement of special education teachers not only in Australia but globally. In England, an education reform is passed where parents are given control over their children’s special education needs (SEN) budgets, allowing them to choose expert support rather than local authorities being the sole provider. (Quinn and Malik, 2012). This is described as being the biggest reform of SEN for 30 years. However, while this reform offer hope, it create anxiety among parents too, as it divides children into two groups School Action and School Action plus. Lorraine Peterson, chief executive officer of the Nation Association of SEN, fears teachers could be left with endless lists of pupils and too little expertise as to how to deal with them (Shepherd, 2012). Furthermore ,there is also a concern in relate to this reform that what impact it will have of forward planning and co-ordination of putting budgets in the hands of many individuals and families, keeping in mind that not all parents are best advocates of their children’s needs hence will not be able to provide the best expert assistance for their children. (Shepherd, 2012). This is one of the drawbacks of SEN reform in England. In comparison to that, Australian government has deferred this reform since 2009 in order to allow more time for further consultation. (â€Å"Special education reform put on hold – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)†, 2009). An article by Philip Garner and Fiona Forbes in 2012 mentioned that Australia is appeared to slow down in some areas of special education and appearing to adopt wait and see approach. (Garner and Forbes, 2012, P 62). Currently Australia is investing $550 million in Improving Teacher Quality National  Partnership, in this reform agenda, priority and highest status should be given to inclusive environment to ensure that schools are given best possible teachers to be inclusive for the special need education. (Garner and Forbes, 2012, P 65). Special education need reform is not particularly focused locally but globally like UK it is getting implemented. The core principal behind this reform is proper funding to school and teacher training to allow every child to receive world class education and Australia is endeavoring to establish a reform around SEN. Gonski reform can correlate to SEN reform as it focuses on the funding of schools to support their student and help teachers to receive additional training and support, from pre-service teachers to principals. Under Better School Plans commencement in 2014, it is a plan to improve results of all schools and students by introducing education reforms that evidently improves results. This plan is based on five core areas; 1.Quality teaching 2.Quality learning 3.Empowered school leadership 4.Meeting student need 5.Greater transparency and accountability This plan aims to take Australian schools into top five by 2025 (What is the Better Schools Plan?, n.d. ). Therefore why do we need this plan? This plan is mandatory to meet the international standard as it has been revealed that even though Australian schools are good, our performance is declining and a greater gap has developed between highest and lowest performing students. The recent review of funding of schooling stumbled on current school funding do not fulfill the requirements necessary to meet the educational needs of all students (What is the Better Schools Plan?, n.d. ). In my point of view, Melbourne Declaration on education goals for Young Australians can articulate better school plans core reforms by overarching two goals for schooling in Australia where one goal promote equity and excellence in schools and secondly making creative individuals and active and informed citizen. Under this declaration, local education goals can collaborate with global education goals. The Melbourne Declaration supports National Education Agreement which articulates the commitment of Australian government to ensure that all Australian school students acquire the  knowledge and skills to participate effectively in society and employment in a globalised economy. (Educational goals | ACARA†, 2009). This National Education Agreement (NEA) has been made between the Commonwealth of Australia and all State and territories. The key objective of this agreement is to enable Australian students to compete with world and participate effectively. Under this agreement, the state wise curriculum is abandoned and standardized curriculum is introduced which is called national curriculum. It is ongoing reform and changes to curriculum is commencing from next year starting from English then moving into Mathematics and Science. Consequently, all of these reforms are in cooperating emerging possibilities to meet the local and global requirement. (National Education Agreement, 2012). To meet the pace and acceleration of 21st century, these emerging technologies need to be embraced and in doing so reforms need to be constructed, this way we will achieve success both locally and globally. In conclusion, education is transformed by emerging possibilities and in this technology rich environment, one must remember that educational focus is on learning and instructional goal instead of technology itself, because technologies are merely tools or vehicles to deliver instruction and are just driving force for education reform. These emerging technologies shift the local education scale to global and hence promote to develop reform around these new emerging possibilities so we can meet the global standard. Thus, for successful 21st century learner, emerging possibilities and ongoing reforms are necessary and need to be embraced both locally and globally. References Cloud Computing Defined. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2013, from http://www.cloudcomputingdefined.com Educational goals | ACARA. (2009). Retrieved from ACARA website: http://www.acara.edu.au/reporting/national_report_on_schooling_2009/national_policy_context/educational_goals.html Educational goals | ACARA. (n.d.). Retrieved October 3, 2013, from http://www.acara.edu.au/reporting/national_report_on_schooling_2009/national_policy_context/educational_goals.html Garner, P., & Forbes, F. (2012). Disposable assets. Are special education teachers still needed in 21st

Free Essays on The Gilgamesh Epic

The Gilgamesh Epic 1. Definition of epic (Reid):"A long narrative poem about a hero's struggle with his destiny." The epic derives from Sumerian oral tradition dating to ca. 2000 BCE. It was told and retold for centuries. Our version is from Akkadian cuneiform tablets, 7th c. BCE. Gilgamesh is a true ruler who was king of Uruk around 2600 BCE. Uruk is a Sumerian city founded around 3500. The narrative begins with Gilgamesh, the best and brightest in the city of Uruk, running rampant with antisocial and violent behavior against men and women. The g-ds create Enkidu, the hairy wildman, to provide a counterweight. They fight, become friends, and perform heroic exploits such as the slaughter of Humbaba, the forest demon. This great exploit attracts Ishtar, who proposes marriage. Gilgamesh spurns the g-ddess because of her treatment of her past lovers. Ishtar asks the g-ds to give her retribution by having the two heroes attacked by the Bull of the Sun. They kill it, which angers the sun, who requires the death of Enkidu as expiation of property damage. The major issue treated is mortality. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh leaves in search of an answer for mortality. The advice of Siduri, the divine barmaid (Reid p. 17), to enjoy life, is too naive for Gilgamesh: â€Å"Gilgamesh, whither rovest thou? The life thou pursuest thou shalt not findÉ Let full be thy belly. Make thou merry by day and by night. Of each day make thou a feast of rejoicing. Day and night dance thou and play! Let thy garments be sparkling fresh. Pay heed to the little one that holds on to thy hand. Let thy spouse delight in thy bosom. For this is the task of mankind!† For Gilgamesh, everyday life is soured by the realization that he, too, will die: â€Å"Why should not my cheeks be starved and my face drawn? Despair is in my heart. My brother whom I loved, the end of mortality has overtaken him. Because of my brother I am afraid of death. How can I be silent, how can ... Free Essays on The Gilgamesh Epic Free Essays on The Gilgamesh Epic The Gilgamesh Epic 1. Definition of epic (Reid):"A long narrative poem about a hero's struggle with his destiny." The epic derives from Sumerian oral tradition dating to ca. 2000 BCE. It was told and retold for centuries. Our version is from Akkadian cuneiform tablets, 7th c. BCE. Gilgamesh is a true ruler who was king of Uruk around 2600 BCE. Uruk is a Sumerian city founded around 3500. The narrative begins with Gilgamesh, the best and brightest in the city of Uruk, running rampant with antisocial and violent behavior against men and women. The g-ds create Enkidu, the hairy wildman, to provide a counterweight. They fight, become friends, and perform heroic exploits such as the slaughter of Humbaba, the forest demon. This great exploit attracts Ishtar, who proposes marriage. Gilgamesh spurns the g-ddess because of her treatment of her past lovers. Ishtar asks the g-ds to give her retribution by having the two heroes attacked by the Bull of the Sun. They kill it, which angers the sun, who requires the death of Enkidu as expiation of property damage. The major issue treated is mortality. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh leaves in search of an answer for mortality. The advice of Siduri, the divine barmaid (Reid p. 17), to enjoy life, is too naive for Gilgamesh: â€Å"Gilgamesh, whither rovest thou? The life thou pursuest thou shalt not findÉ Let full be thy belly. Make thou merry by day and by night. Of each day make thou a feast of rejoicing. Day and night dance thou and play! Let thy garments be sparkling fresh. Pay heed to the little one that holds on to thy hand. Let thy spouse delight in thy bosom. For this is the task of mankind!† For Gilgamesh, everyday life is soured by the realization that he, too, will die: â€Å"Why should not my cheeks be starved and my face drawn? Despair is in my heart. My brother whom I loved, the end of mortality has overtaken him. Because of my brother I am afraid of death. How can I be silent, how can ...